Stablecoin Reference
Regulated stablecoins used for card-network settlement — issuer, chains, contract addresses, decimals, regulation, and Visa / Mastercard settlement support. Open any coin for a full detail page.
Follows Visa / Mastercard settlement programme announcementsas of Oct 2026·verified Oct 2026· double-checked Oct 2026— Visa 9 chains (Apr 2026), Mastercard Jun 2026 set + EEMEA USDC/EURC (Aug 2025); EVM/Solana addresses and decimals match Uniswap default-token-list and MetaMask contract-metadata except entries flagged single-source; Tron/XRPL/Stellar checksums verified; per-deployment decimals (Stellar 7, XRPL decimal strings, Arc ERC-20 6 / native 18)
| Symbol | Name | Issuer | Peg | Decimals | Chains | Visa | Mastercard | Status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USDC | USD Coin | Circle | USD | 6 | Ethereum, Solana, Base, Arbitrum, Polygon, Avalanche, Stellar, Arc | ✓ | ✓ | live | detail → |
| EURC | Euro Coin | Circle | EUR | 6 | Ethereum, Solana, Base, Avalanche | ✓ | ✓ | live | detail → |
| PYUSD | PayPal USD | Paxos Trust Company, N.A. (for PayPal) | USD | 6 | Ethereum, Solana, Arbitrum | ✓ | ✓ | live | detail → |
| USDG | Global Dollar | Paxos Digital Singapore (Global Dollar Network) | USD | 6 | Ethereum, Solana | ✓ | ✓ | live | detail → |
| USDP | Pax Dollar | Paxos Trust Company, N.A. | USD | 18 | Ethereum | — | ✓ | live | detail → |
| RLUSD | Ripple USD | Standard Custody & Trust (Ripple) | USD | 18 | Ethereum, XRP Ledger | — | ✓ | live | detail → |
| SoFiUSD | SoFi USD | SoFi Bank, N.A. | USD | — | Ethereum, Solana | — | ✓ | live | detail → |
| OUSD | Open USD | Bridge Building, Inc. (Stripe’s Bridge) for Open Standard | USD | 6 | Ethereum, Base, Solana, Tempo | — | — | live | detail → |
| USDT | Tether USD | Tether | USD | 6 | Ethereum, Tron | — | — | live | detail → |
Ethereum and Solana first; Stellar and Avalanche added Jul 2025; Arc, Base, Canton, Polygon and Tempo added Apr 2026 (nine chains, $7B annualised run-rate). US-domestic USDC settlement (Dec 2025) runs over Solana, seven days a week. Visa reported a run-rate above $20B on 8 Sep 2026, and is a founding Arc validator.
Jun 2026 expansion: intraday, weekend, and holiday settlement windows, with on-chain stablecoin settlement alongside existing fiat settlement; first partners ARQ, CBW Bank, Cross River, Lead Bank and Nuvei. Earlier: USDC and EURC for EEMEA acquirers (Aug 2025). Mastercard is also a founding Arc validator.
Payments-focused L1; a settlement chain for both Visa (Apr 2026) and Mastercard (Jun 2026), and the stablecoin rail Stripe launched the Machine Payments Protocol (MPP) on. source ↗
USDC-native: USDC is the gas token; Malachite (Tendermint BFT) consensus with deterministic sub-second finality; EVM-compatible. In Visa’s settlement chain list since Apr 2026. Eleven founding validators: Visa, Mastercard, Global Payments, DTCC, BlackRock, Galaxy, ICE, MoneyGram, SBI, Standard Chartered, Sumitomo. Permissioned validator set at launch. source ↗
USDT-native payments L1 — USDT pays gas, a separate STABLE token secures the chain. Not in either card network’s settlement chain list. source ↗
When a stablecoin transfer can no longer be reversed — the point a merchant can ship, a ramp can pay out and a settlement can be booked. Fastest first. Soft confirmations are fine for small amounts; settlement waits for finality.
| Chain | Final after | Consensus | Soft confirmation | Final when | How to check | Suggested policy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arc | < 1 s | Malachite BFT (Tendermint-style), permissioned validator set | None — a block is final when committed | Final when the block is committed with signatures from more than two-thirds of validators — deterministic and sub-second. | the receipt; “latest”, “safe” and “finalized” are the same block (arc_getCertificate returns the commit certificate) | Accept on the receipt. |
| Tempo | < 1 s | Simplex BFT (Commonware) with threshold-signature certificates, permissioned validator set | Block notarized before it is finalized (consensus_getLatest) | Final when the block is finalized — deterministic and sub-second, with blocks about every 600 ms. | the block is at or below the “finalized” tag; no further confirmations needed | Accept on finalization. |
| StableChain | ≈ 0.7 s | StableBFT, proof of stake built on CometBFT | None — single-slot finality | Final once included in a block; blocks are produced roughly every 0.7 s. | the transaction is in a block with a successful receipt | Accept on inclusion. |
| Avalanche | < 2 s | Snowman consensus (proof of stake), C-Chain | None — blocks are final once accepted | Final when the block is accepted — under 2 s, often about 1 s since the Granite upgrade (Nov 2025). | the transaction receipt is in an accepted block (“finalized” = last accepted) | Accept on the receipt. |
| XRP Ledger | ≈ 3–4 s | XRP Ledger Consensus Protocol (validators on unique node lists) | Submission returns a provisional result — not final, can still change | Final when the transaction is in a validated ledger; ledgers typically close every 3–4 s. | "validated": true on the transaction, with result code tesSUCCESS | Never act on the provisional result; accept on the validated ledger. |
| Polygon | ≈ 2–5 s | Proof of stake: Bor block producers, Heimdall v2 validators | Block produced every ≈ 2 s | Final when a Heimdall milestone covers the block — deterministic, about 2–5 s, since Heimdall v2 (Jul 2025). | the block is at or below the “finalized” block tag | Wait for the milestone (“finalized”) — it takes seconds, so there is little reason to accept earlier. |
| Stellar | ≈ 5–7 s | Stellar Consensus Protocol (federated Byzantine agreement) | None — a transaction is either in a closed ledger or not | Final when the ledger containing it closes; the network agrees a new ledger every 5–7 s. | the transaction is in a closed ledger with a successful result (Horizon or Stellar RPC) | Accept on the closed ledger. |
| Canton | ≈ 3–10 s | BFT sequencers run by the Global Synchronizer’s super validators; mediators run a two-phase commit | None — results are final once committed | Final once the mediator’s commit verdict is sequenced; there are no forks or reorganisations. Usually 3–10 s. | the command’s completion, or the committed transaction on the Ledger API transaction stream | Accept on the committed transaction. |
| Solana | ≈ 13 s | Proof of stake with Tower BFT voting over Proof-of-History slots (≈ 400 ms) | Commitment “confirmed”: a supermajority of stake has voted on the block | Final at commitment “finalized”: the block is rooted, about 32 slots (≈ 13 s) after it was produced.Alpenglow (Votor) is scheduled to activate at epoch 1064, around 21 Oct 2026, targeting finality of roughly 100–150 ms — this row changes then. | getSignatureStatuses / getTransaction with commitment “finalized” | “confirmed” for checkout progress and small amounts; “finalized” before releasing goods of value or booking settlement. |
| Tron | ≈ 1 min | Delegated proof of stake: 27 Super Representatives | Block produced every 3 s | Final once the block is solidified — confirmed by more than two-thirds of the 27 Super Representatives, 19 blocks (≈ 57 s). | the transaction is returned by the solidity-node API (/walletsolidity/gettransactioninfobyid) | Accept on solidification, about a minute — never on the first block. |
| Ethereum | ≈ 13–19 min | Proof of stake (Gasper: LMD-GHOST fork choice + Casper FFG finality) | Included in a block (12 s slots); “safe” once its epoch is justified | Final when its checkpoint is finalized, two epochs (64 slots, about 12.8 min) later — in practice 13–19 min after inclusion. | the block is at or below the “finalized” block tag (eth_getBlockByNumber) | Small retail amounts after a few blocks; anything you cannot afford to lose, and all settlement, on “finalized”. |
| Arbitrum | ≈ 15–20 min | Optimistic rollup: one sequencer, batches posted to Ethereum, BoLD dispute protocol | Sequencer soft confirmation (“latest”), sub-second — 250 ms blocks | Final once the batch carrying the block is posted to Ethereum and that L1 block is finalized — about 13 min of L1 finality plus the time to post the batch.The ~7-day challenge period applies to withdrawals to Ethereum; disputes never reorganise Arbitrum blocks. | the block is at or below the “finalized” block tag (Arbitrum docs: wait on the tag, not a block count) | Checkout on the sequencer confirmation; treasury and settlement on “finalized”. |
| Base | ≈ 20 min | OP Stack rollup: one sequencer, state derived from Ethereum | Flashblock preconfirmation ≈ 200 ms; L2 block ≈ 2 s (“unsafe”) | Final once the batch holding the block is posted to Ethereum and that L1 block is finalized — about 20 min (“safe”, batch on L1, after about 2 min).The 7-day fault-proof window applies to withdrawals to Ethereum, not to transfers on Base. | the block is at or below the L2 “finalized” block tag | Checkout on the 2 s L2 block (the sequencer is the only reorg risk); treasury and settlement on “finalized”. |
Sources (checked Oct 2026): Arc · Tempo · StableChain · Avalanche · XRP Ledger · Polygon · Stellar · Canton · Solana · Tron · Ethereum · Arbitrum · Base. Times are typical, not guaranteed: congestion, outages and upgrades change them. Apply them in the Stablecoin Payment Flows matcher.